Agora - Agathe.gr Search

The Agora and Pnyx Center of public activity, the Agora was a large open square where all the citizens could assemble (2, 3). It was used for a variety of functions: markets, religious processions, athletic ... AgoraPicBk 4 2004: The Agora and Pnyx

AgoraPicBk 16 2003: History of the Agora

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History of the Agora The excavations of the Athenian Agora have uncovered about thirty acres on the sloping ground northwest of the Acropolis (Fig. 3). Material of all periods from the Late Neolithic to ... AgoraPicBk 16 2003: History of the Agora

Overview: The Staff

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The Archaeologists The First Generation The Agora Excavations staff and work force, 1933. Archaeologists, staff, foremen, and workmen gathered under the Hephaisteion for a group photograph. The staff of ... The Archaeologists The First Generation The Agora Excavations staff and work force, 1933. ... The staff of the Agora Excavations, 1934. ... She authored two Agora volumes, Agora XX and Agora XXIV.

AgoraPicBk 16 2003: Boundary Stones and House of Simon the Cobbler

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Boundary Stones and House of Simon the Cobbler Inscribed marble posts were used to mark the entrances to the Agora wherever a street led into the open square. Two have been found in situ, inscribed with ... Boundary Stones and House of Simon the Cobbler Inscribed marble posts were used to mark the entrances to the Agora wherever a street led into the open square. ... Figure 23. Agora boundary stone found east of the Tholos, ca. 500 B.C. Figure 24. Agora boundary stone found deep under the Middle Stoa.

Overview: The Archaeological Site

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The Athenian Agora The Agora of Athens was the center of the ancient city: a large, open square where the citizens could assemble for a wide variety of purposes. On any given day the space might be used ... Agora

AgoraPicBk 16 2003: Northwest Corner and the Hermes

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Northwest Corner and the Hermes The area of the northwest corner is where the Panathenaic Way, leading from the main gate of Athens, the Dipylon, entered the Agora square (Figs. 58, 59). This was accordingly ... Agora

Birth of Democracy: Democracy

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Introduction Classical Athens saw the rise of an achievement unparalleled in history. Perikles, Aischylos, Sophokles, Plato, Demosthenes, and Praxiteles represent just a few of the statesmen and philosophers, ... Agora

Publications: Picture Books

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Picture Books The Athenian Agora Picture Book series, started in 1951, aims to make information about life in the ancient commercial and political center of Athens available to a wide audience. Each booklet ... Picture Books The Athenian Agora Picture Book series, started in 1951, aims to make information about life in the ancient commercial and political center of Athens available to a wide audience. ... The texts are illustrated with material from the Agora excavations, much of which is either on display at the site or in the museum. ... Democracy in the Athenian Agora Author: Lang, M.Publication Date: 2004ISBN: 0876616325Picture Book: 4 The artifacts and monuments of the Athenian Agora provide our best evidence for the workings of ancient democracy.

AgoraPicBk 16 2003: Southwest Fountain House

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Southwest Fountain House Closer to the agora proper a row of five public buildings lined the south side of the square in the Classical period (Fig. 29, 36). They comprise several important monuments, though ... Agora

Overview: The Site before Excavation

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The Site before Excavation The Agora lies on sloping ground northwest of the Acropolis, below and east of the extraordinarily well-preserved Doric temple of Hephaistos, popularly known as the “Theseion” ... Agora

Publications: Guide Books

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Guide Books In a newly revised version of this popular site guide, the current director of excavations in the Athenian Agora gives a brief account of the history of the ancient center of Athens. The text ... Agora

AgoraPicBk 16 2003: History of the Excavations

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History of the Excavations Some of the Agora monuments have never been fully buried and were explored by the Archaeological Society starting in the 19th century: the Stoa of Attalos (1859–1862, 1874, and ... The area of the Agora before the start of excavations in 1931, view from the west. ... Panorama of the Agora excavations, also from the west. (2002) Figure 74. Watercolor of the Agora in 1834 (Wolfensberger), view looking west.

Overview: The Museum

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The Museum On display in the public galleries of the stoa is a selection of the thousands of objects recovered in the past 75 years, reflecting the use of the area from 3000 B.C. to A.D. 1500. The public ... (SS 8080, MC 1245, Agora Museum) Bronze juror’s ticket (pinakion), 4th century B.C. ... What sets the Agora project and museum apart from most collections is that this context information is known for almost every single object. ... This means that every object found in the Agora excavations is stored in the Stoa of Attalos, together with the record of its recovery.

Overview: Contact

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Staff and Contact Information The Agora Excavations offices are located within the ancient Agora archaeological site, on the upper floor of the Stoa of Attalos. The offices in the Stoa of Attalos are open ... Agora

Birth of Democracy: Sokrates

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Sokrates The philosopher Sokrates was one of many Athenians critical of the people and their control over affairs of state. His probing public debates with fellow citizens led to his trial for impiety ... Agora

AgoraPicBk 16 2003: Temple of Ares

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Temple of Ares Just north of the Odeion lie the ruins of a building identified by Pausanias as a temple of Ares (Figs. 56, 57). The foundations are of Early Roman construction and date, but the marble ... Roman masons’ marks carved on the blocks indicate that the temple originally stood elsewhere, was carefully taken apart with all the pieces labelled, and then reerected on the new foundations built for it in the Agora. This is the best example of a phenomenon known as "wandering temples," of which there are several similar examples in the Agora, dating to the early years of the Roman empire. ... Plan of the Temple of Ares, second half of 5th century B.C., rebuilt in the Agora in the late 1st century B.C.

Birth of Democracy: Administration and Bureaucracy

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Administration and Bureaucracy The economy of Athens was supervised by numerous boards of officials in charge of the mint, the marketplace, weights and measures, and the grain and water supplies. Most ... Agora

Birth of Democracy: The Boule

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The Boule (The Senate) The Athenian legislature also included a deliberative body known as the Boule. It was made up of 500 members -- 50 from each of the 10 tribes -- who were chosen by lot and served ... Agora

AgoraPicBk 16 2003: Altar of the Twelve Gods

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Altar of the Twelve Gods Near the middle of the open square, somewhat to the north, lay the Altar of the Twelve Gods (Fig. 7), today largely hidden under the Athens–Piraeus railway (1891). A corner of ... Agora

AgoraPicBk 16 2003: Library of Pantainos

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Library of Pantainos Lying partially under and behind the Late Roman wall are the remains of a building identified by its inscribed marble lintel block as the Library of Pantainos, dedicated to Athena ... The northern stoa runs eastward, along the south side of a marble street that led in Roman times from the Agora to the Doric gateway of the market of Caesar and Augustus, also known as the Roman Agora. ... At left is the Gate of Athena, the entrance to the Roman Agora.

Overview: The Excavations

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The Excavations Excavations in the Athenian Agora by the American School of Classical Studies at Athens commenced in 1931 under the supervision of T. Leslie Shear. The systematic excavation of this important ... The Excavations Excavations in the Athenian Agora by the American School of Classical Studies at Athens commenced in 1931 under the supervision of T. ... View of the west side of the Agora at the start of excavations in Section A, June 19, 1931. ... View of the Agora and Acropolis from the northwest.

Overview: The Card Catalog

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The Card Catalog A card catalog system has been used since the beginning of the excavations to record the important information related to inventoried objects. Lucy Talcott, one of the original members ... Lucy Talcott, one of the original members of the Agora Excavations staff, is credited with its development into an elaborately cross-referenced record system.

Birth of Democracy: State Religion

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State Religion: The Archon Basileus There was no attempt in Classical Athens to separate church and state. Altars and shrines were intermingled with the public areas and buildings of the city. A single ... Athens, Agora Museum P 42. ... Athens, Agora Museum. The earliest and simplest of the stoas that bordered the Agora, the Stoa Basileos had eight Doric columns between its two end walls; the stumps of the columns can still be seen. ... Athens, Agora excavations.

AgoraPicBk 16 2003: Introduction

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Introduction Classical Athens saw the rise of an achievement unparalleled in history. Perikles, Aeschylus, Sophokles, Plato, Demosthenes, Thucydides, and Praxiteles represent just a few of the statesmen ... Agora

AgoraPicBk 16 2003: Panathenaic Way

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Panathenaic Way Numerous roads led in and out of the Agora square. By far the most important, however, was the broad street known as the Dromos or Panathenaic Way, the principal thoroughfare of the city ... Panathenaic Way Numerous roads led in and out of the Agora square. By far the most important, however, was the broad street known as the Dromos or Panathenaic Way, the principal thoroughfare of the city (Fig. 4). ... Halfway along, it enters the Agora at its northwest corner and passes through the square on a diagonal, exiting at the southeast corner. ... Model of the Agora and northwest Athens in the 2nd century A.C., looking along the entire course of the Panathenaic Way from the Dipylon Gate (bottom) to the Acropolis (top); view from the northwest.

Birth of Democracy: Practice of Ostracism

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Ostracism Soon after their victory over the Persians at the battle of Marathon in 490 B.C., the Athenians began the practice of ostracism, a form of election designed to curb the power of any rising tyrant ... Agora

Publications: Monographs

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Monographs Excavations in the civic and cultural center of classical Athens began in 1931 and have continued almost without interruption to the present day. The first Athenian Agora volumes presenting ... Agora

AgoraPicBk 16 2003: South Stoa II

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South Stoa II South Stoa II ran westward from the south end of the East Building, parallel to the Middle Stoa (Figs. 38, 41). Dating to the second half of the 2nd century B.C., it consisted of a single ... Plan of the buildings at the southeast corner of the Agora.

Birth of Democracy: The Athenian Aristocracy

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The Athenian Aristocracy Before democracy, from the 8th to the 6th century B.C., Athens was prosperous economically but no more significant than many other city-states in Greece. Silver deposits south ... Athens, Agora Museum P 24673. ... Athens, Agora Museum J 148. ... Athens, Agora Museum G 587-S91, J 149.

Birth of Democracy: The Prytaneis

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The Prytaneis (Executive Committee) The senators administered their meetings themselves. Each tribal contingent in the Boule served in rotation for a period of 35 or 36 days as the Prytaneis, or Executive ... Athens, Agora Museum. The circular shape of the Tholos is unusual among public buildings in the Agora. ... Athens, Agora Museum P 13429. ... Athens, Agora Museum S 834.

Birth of Democracy: The Athenian Army

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The Athenian Army From the very beginning, the Athenians were compelled to fight for their new democracy. Their dramatic victories over the Boiotians and Chalkidians in 506 B.C. led many to attribute Athenian ... Agora

Overview: Funding the Excavations

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Funding the Excavations The excavations began in the 1930's with the substantial support of John D. Rockefeller, who also funded the reconstruction of the Stoa of Attalos (1953-1956) to serve as the site ... Should you wish to support any aspect of work at the Agora, please contact: Athenian Agora Excavations The American School of Classical Studies at Athens 54 Souidias GR 106 76 Athens Greece Telephone: +30-10-3310963 Fax: +30 210-331-0964

AgoraPicBk 16 2003: Middle Stoa

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Middle Stoa The appearance of the south side of the Agora was radically changed during the 2nd century B.C. with the construction of several new buildings. This South Square, as it is called, was made ... Agora

Birth of Democracy: Sources and Documents

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Sources and Documents Our understanding of the workings and history of Athenian democracy comes from a variety of sources. Most useful, perhaps, are the ancient literary texts that survive, many of which ... Archaeological discoveries in the Athenian Agora have done much to confirm and illuminate his descriptions. ... Athens, Agora Museum B 1292, 705, 707. ... Some 7,500 inscriptions have been found in the Agora excavations, and over 10,000 more come from other areas of Athens and Attica.

Overview: Volunteer Application

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Excavations in the Athenian Agora Volunteer Program Summer 2013 The American School of Classical Studies at Athens announces a program for volunteer excavators wishing to participate in the archaeological ... Agora

Birth of Democracy: Theater

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Theater Western drama was an Athenian invention which developed late in the 6th century B.C. out of the festivals celebrated in honor of the god Dionysos. Originally held in the Agora, the plays were soon ... Athens, Agora Museum T 478. ... Athens, Agora excavations. ... Athens, Agora Museum T 2404.

Birth of Democracy: The Popular Courts

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The Popular Courts The popular courts, with juries of no fewer than 201 jurors and as many as 2,500, heard a variety of cases. The courts also had an important constitutional role in wielding ultimate ... Plan of the lawcourts in the northeast corner of the Agora. Drawing by John Travlos. ... Athens, Agora Museum P 28470. ... Athens, Agora Museum P 14655.

Birth of Democracy: The Jury

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The Jury The jurors for each trial were chosen from a large body of citizens available for jury duty for the period of one year. At the beginning of the year, each juror was given a bronze pinakion, a ... Athens, Agora Museum B 822. ... Reconstruction drawing of the jury-allotment device (kleroterion). Agora Museum Archives. ... Athens, Agora Museum IL 656, 819, 893, 944, 1146, 1173, 1233.

AgoraPicBk 16 2003: Hephaisteion

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Hephaisteion Overlooking the Agora from the hill to the west (Kolonos Agoraios), is the Hephaisteion, the best preserved example of a Doric temple in mainland Greece (Fig. 12). It was dedicated jointly ... Hephaisteion Overlooking the Agora from the hill to the west (Kolonos Agoraios), is the Hephaisteion, the best preserved example of a Doric temple in mainland Greece (Fig. 12). ... The Hephaisteion ("Theseion"), seen from across the Agora, ca. 460–415 B.C.

AgoraPicBk 4 2004: Ostracism

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Ostracism In addition to the legal assassination condoned in the Law against Tyranny, a less extreme method was also available for removing powerful but dangerous men from public life. This was a formal, ... If a majority of the quorum of 6,000 citizens voted affirmatively, the day was set and at that time a large open area of the Agora was fenced off. ... They were shoveled up and carried out to fill potholes in the roads leading out from the Agora. The big deposits of ostraka, found on the road from the southwest corner of the Agora, belong to the early years of the fifth century.

AgoraPicBk 16 2003: Metroon

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Metroon (Archives) The Metroon served two functions; it was both a sanctuary of the Mother of the Gods and the archive building of the city, a repository of official records (Fig. 19). The present remains ... ; one of several dozen copies found in the Agora.

AgoraPicBk 16 2003: Church of the Holy Apostles

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Church of the Holy Apostles Several churches were removed following the excavation of the modern neighborhoods overlying the Agora. The Church of the Holy Apostles, because of its early date, was deemed ... Church of the Holy Apostles Several churches were removed following the excavation of the modern neighborhoods overlying the Agora. The Church of the Holy Apostles, because of its early date, was deemed worth preserving and, indeed, restoring (Figs. 67–70; for location, see Fig. 41).

AgoraPicBk 4 2004: The Eponymous Heroes

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The Eponymous Heroes Just as all governmental activity and policy stemmed from the individual Athenian citizen, so there was a center in the Agora from which the lines of power went out to all men in all ... The Eponymous Heroes Just as all governmental activity and policy stemmed from the individual Athenian citizen, so there was a center in the Agora from which the lines of power went out to all men in all fields of activity.

Birth of Democracy: Women

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The Unenfranchised I - Women Numerous people resident in Athens and Attica had little part in the political life of the state. Most glaring by modern standards was the exclusion of women, although a similar ... Agora

Overview: Photography

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Photography A photograph made using the traditional silver halide process is a visual record largely unaltered by the photographer. It is this quality of capturing a mirrored image of the scene that lends ... Photography has been an essential component of the documentary process from the beginning of excavations at the Agora. The photograph, whether taken by the excavator or by the staff photographer, is an irreplaceable visual record of the excavation’s progress. ... The buildings on the west side of the Agora had been demolished in preparation for excavation, resulting in an unobstructed view from the Church of Panagia Vlassarou toward the Hephaisteion. ... (the west side of the Agora) looking southeast across Section Ε.

AgoraPicBk 4 2004: Athenian Currency

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Athenian Currency Many of the specialized administrative boards have left material traces of their activities. Most prolific of these were the moneyers, or Overseers of the Mint. Throughout her history ... Agora

Birth of Democracy: Overthrow and Revolution

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Overthrow and Revolution In 514 B.C. the tyrant Hipparchos was stabbed to death. The murder, actually the result of a love feud, was quickly deemed a political act of assassination and the perpetrators, ... Agora

Birth of Democracy: The Verdict

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The Verdict After the speeches and other evidence had been presented, the members of the jury voted by casting ballots. A series of vase paintings of the early 5th century B.C. show a mythological story, ... Agora

Overview: The Old Excavation House

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The Old Excavation House The photograph below, taken in June of 1939, illustrates the extent of the Agora Excavations during the first eight years. The so-called Old Excavation House, located at Asteroskopeiou ... The Old Excavation House The photograph below, taken in June of 1939, illustrates the extent of the Agora Excavations during the first eight years.

AgoraPicBk 16 2003: Stoa of Zeus Eleutherios

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Stoa of Zeus Eleutherios Lying just south of the railroad tracks, along the west side, are the remains of the Stoa of Zeus Eleutherios (Freedom) (Figs. 8, 9). This cult of Zeus was established after the ... Agora

AgoraPicBk 4 2004: Athenian Citizenship

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Athenian Citizenship The government of ancient Athens concerned itself with many aspects of the lives of its citizens. In the pure democracy of Athens the government was not only of the people and for ... Agora

AgoraPicBk 16 2003: Late Roman Fortification Wall

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Late Roman Fortification Wall East of the East Building and Mint we arrive once again at the Panathenaic Way, which in this area is lined along its eastern side by a massive wall built in the 3rd century ... Agora

AgoraPicBk 16 2003: Southeast Fountain House

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Southeast Fountain House The slight traces just south of the Church of the Holy Apostles have been identified as the remains of an early fountain house (Figs. 33, 34). The identification is based on a ... Agora

AgoraPicBk 16 2003: Stoa Poikile

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Stoa Poikile Across modern Hadrian Street are the most recent excavations (2003), along the north side of the square. Here have been revealed the remains of another large stoa, identified on the basis ... Agora

AgoraPicBk 16 2003: Southwest Area

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Southwest Area - Industry and Houses Leaving the area of the boundary stone, one can head southwest up a valley leading toward the Pnyx, meeting place of the Athenian assembly. Here are the complex remains ... The "Industrial District," southwest of the Agora. The Poros Building at the top (north) has been tentatively identified as the State Prison.

Overview: The Altar of Zeus and Statue of Hadrian

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The Altar of Zeus The Agora Excavations began with the aim of revealing the monuments and history of the ancient Agora. Of course, every artifact or feature that was exposed held importance, but when something ... The Altar of Zeus The Agora Excavations began with the aim of revealing the monuments and history of the ancient Agora.

Overview: The Stoa of Attalos

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The Stoa of Attalos The Stoa of Attalos was originally built by King Attalos II of Pergamon (159–138 B.C.), as a gift to the Athenians in appreciation of the time he spent in Athens studying under the ... Agora

Birth of Democracy: Tyranny

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Tyranny As happened in many other Greek states, a tyrant arose in Athens in the 6th century B.C. His name was Peisistratos, and after several unsuccessful attempts he seized power in 546 B.C. and ruled ... Agora

AgoraPicBk 16 2003: Tholos

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Tholos The south half of the west side was given over to the major administrative buildings used to run the Athenian democracy (Fig. 14). The buildings are poorly preserved, but the identifications are ... Agora

Birth of Democracy: Solon the Lawgiver

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Solon the Lawgiver By the early 6th century B.C. social tensions in Athens had become acute, pitting the poorer citizens against rich and powerful landowners. Many citizens were reduced to the status of ... Athens, Agora Museum P 27646. ... Athens, Agora Museum P 5061. ... Athens, Agora Museum IL 1287.

Birth of Democracy: Political Organization of Attica

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Political Organization of Attica: Demes and Tribal Representation Each tribe was divided into three parts, and each third (trittys) was from one of the three regions of Attica, plain, coast, or hills ... Athens Agora Museum MC 820-822. ... Athens, Agora Museum I 7030.

Birth of Democracy: The Ekklesia

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The Ekklesia (Citizens' Assembly) All Athenian citizens had the right to attend and vote in the Ekklesia, a full popular assembly which met about every 10 days. All decrees (psephismata) were ratified ... Agora

Birth of Democracy: The Speakers

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The Speakers Litigants spoke on their own behalf, although occasionally using speeches prepared by trained professionals; skillful rhetoric was necessary in order to sway a jury. The speeches written by ... Agora

Birth of Democracy: The Ten New Tribes

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The Ten New Tribes Kleisthenes instituted a crucial reform, the reorganization of the citizenry into new administrative units called phylai (tribes). In his attempt to break up the aristocratic power structure, ... Athens, Agora Museum. The earliest references to a monument of the Eponymous Heroes came from the comic poet Aristophanes in the 420's B.C., but the foundations of the monument that have been excavated belong to the years around 330 B.C., nearly a century later. ... By the late 5th century a long base had been set up in the Agora to display statues of all ten heroes.

Overview: The Notebooks

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The Notebooks The process of excavating an archaeological site is essentially destructive but the irrevocable features are preserved in a notebook. The excavator records his thoughts and observations, ... After an excavation has concluded, scholars rely on the notebook to study the excavation, and it is through the notebooks that we may reconstruct the initial days of work in the Athenian Agora. The first two pages of Nb.

AgoraPicBk 16 2003: Stoa of Attalos

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Stoa of Attalos Lining the east side of the Agora square is the Stoa of Attalos (Fig. 47), built during the reign of Attalos II of Pergamon (159–138 B.C.), who studied in Athens under the philosopher Karneades ... Stoa of Attalos Lining the east side of the Agora square is the Stoa of Attalos (Fig. 47), built during the reign of Attalos II of Pergamon (159–138 B.C.), who studied in Athens under the philosopher Karneades before becoming king.

Birth of Democracy: Marble Stele

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Law Against Tyranny In 338 B.C. Philip II of Macedon and his son Alexander defeated the Athenians and other Greek states in a battle at Chaironeia in central Greece. In the following year (337/6 B.C.) ... Agora

AgoraPicBk 16 2003: Odeion of Agrippa

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Odeion of Agrippa Late in the 1st century B.C. the Athenians were given money for a new marketplace by Caesar and Augustus, and the northern half of the old Agora square was filled with two new structures, ... Odeion of Agrippa Late in the 1st century B.C. the Athenians were given money for a new marketplace by Caesar and Augustus, and the northern half of the old Agora square was filled with two new structures, the Odeion of Agrippa and the Temple of Ares.

AgoraPicBk 4 2004: The Council and Magistrates

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The Council and the Magistrates Like selection for military service, allotment to the Council was organized according to the division by tribes; 50 members from each tribe acted as a unit in the Council ... Civic buildings on the west side of the Agora, from the southeast. 15. Model of the public buildings on the west side of the Agora. Tholos (blue), Council House (green), Metroon (orange), Temple of Apollo (yellow), and the Stoa of Zeus (red).

AgoraPicBk 4 2004: Judiciary and Lawcourts

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Judiciary and Lawcourts The lawcourts of Athens, a city notorious throughout Greece for the litigiousness of her citizens, were both numerous and large. Several of these lawcourts were in the immediate ... Several of these lawcourts were in the immediate vicinity of the Agora, including the Square Peristyle (23), which in the fourth century replaced a similar but less regular structure of the fifth century. 23. Lawcourt (Square Peristyle) at the northeast corner of the Agora, ca. 300 B.C.

AgoraPicBk 4 2004: Standard Weights and Measures

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Standard Weights and Measures The Controllers of Measures (Metronomoi) have also left us many samples of their work. One set of bronze weights (34), inscribed as standard weights of the Athenians, are ... Agora

AgoraPicBk 4 2004: Military Service

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Military Service After the 18-year-old was registered in his deme as a citizen and was approved by the Council, he entered military service as a young conscript (ephebe) with other members of his tribe ... Agora

Overview: The Church of the Holy Apostles

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The Church of the Holy Apostles Though several churches were removed in the clearing of the site for excavation, it was decided to save and restore the little Byzantine church dedicated to the Holy Apostles ... Piet de Jong, an extraordinary archaeological illustrator, joined the staff of the Agora Excavations in 1932.